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Circulation & Capacity Calculators

Professional pedestrian flow, path capacity, gathering space, cycling infrastructure, and accessibility planning tools for landscape architects and urban designers. Apply HCM Level of Service, BS 8300, and international pedestrian planning standards to paths, plazas, crossings, cycle routes, and public realm spaces.

Path / Footway Parameters
Subtract for street furniture, bollards, kerb (min 0.5m/side)
Grade >5% reduces speed; >8% requires ramp
Flow Characteristics
Use peak 15-minute flow, not hourly average. Effective width = total − furniture − kerb edge zones. Gradient >5% reduces pedestrian comfort; >8% requires ramp.
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LOS –
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Effective Width
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m
Pedestrian Speed
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m/s
Unit Width Flow
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p/m/min
Pedestrian Space
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m²/person
Path Capacity
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p/min
V/C Ratio
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ratio
Design Flow (with growth)
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p/min future
LOS Reference Table
LOSSpace (m²/p)Max UWFSpeed (m/s)Description
Effective Width Total Width O O O
Space Dimensions & Type
Trees, kiosks, planters
Occupancy & Event Scenario
Net Usable Area
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m²
Max Comfortable Capacity
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persons
Space at Peak
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m²/person
V/C at Peak
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ratio
Egress Width Required
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m total clear
Crowd density assessment
Egress within target time
Access point capacity
UK Green Guide — minimum 0.5 m²/p
Density Benchmarks
UK Green Guide (2008): Min 0.5 m²/p for standing events. <0.25 m²/p = life-threatening crush risk. Egress: 82 p/min/m width (emergency). Design for 8-minute maximum full evacuation.
Infrastructure Type & Dimensions
For two-way/contraflow layouts
Design Standard & Comfort
Design Speed
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km/h
Minimum Width Required
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m (LTN 1/20)
Route Capacity
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cycles/hr
V/C Ratio
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ratio
Journey Time
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min
Passing Events/hr
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overtakes/hr
Width compliance vs LTN 1/20
LTN 1/20 Grade assessment
Conflict risk (shared path)
Gradient suitability
LTN 1/20 (DfT 2020): Two-way track min 3.0m (preferred 4.0m). One-way min 1.5m (preferred 2.0m). Max gradient 3% ideal, 5% acceptable, >8% uncomfortable. Grade A = suitable for all ages and abilities. Shared paths >3m require segregation at high pedestrian flows.
Crossing Type & Geometry
Signal Timing
Safety & Accessibility Features
Crossing Distance
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m
Time to Cross
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seconds
Crossing Capacity
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p/hr
Average Waiting Time
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seconds
V/C Ratio
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ratio
Required Visibility Splay
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m minimum
Capacity vs pedestrian demand
Green time adequate to cross
Visibility splay (IHT TD27)
Dropped kerb (BS 8300)
Tactile paving (BS 8300)
Overall DDA / accessibility
BS 8300: Min green time = road_width ÷ 1.2 m/s (slow pedestrian). Dropped kerb ≤6mm flush. Corduroy tactile at top of ramp, blister at kerb. Required visibility splay = vehicle_speed_km/h × 2.4 m (IHT TD27).
Assessment Standard
Path Geometry
Surface & Features
10 /10
Rating
Ramp Gradient Reference
GradientMax LengthRest Platforms
BS 8300:2018 / ADA 2010 key thresholds: path width ≥1.8m; gradient ≤5% recommended (≤8% max with landings); cross-fall ≤2%; overhead ≥2.1m; turning circle ≥1.5m dia.; step ≤0mm preferred (≤13mm ADA); tactile paving; lighting ≥50 lux.
Site Overview
Zone Allocation
Zone Breakdown
Peak Hour Visitors
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persons
Area per Peak Visitor
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m²/person
Seating Required
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seats (1 per 8 visitors)
Litter Bins Required
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bins (1 per 500m²)
Cycle Stands Required
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spaces (5% of peak)
Comfort / density
Fields in Trust — 10 m²/child
Green space ratio vs target
Impervious ratio vs target
Fields in Trust (2023): 6 ha/1,000 population outdoor play & sport. WHO: ≥9 m² per resident urban green space within 300m. CABE: 9 m²/resident accessible natural greenspace. Seating: 1 per 8 peak visitors. Cycle stands: 5% of peak visitors.
Route & Environment
Sign Parameters
Route Walk Time
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Min Letter Height
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Provided Letter H
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Sign Spacing
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Decision Signs
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Reassurance Signs
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Sign Spacing
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m between signs
Total Signs Required
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signs
Legibility at viewing distance
Mounting height — DDA compliant
Route within 5-min walk target
RNIB / PAS 1899 / BS 8300: Minimum letter height = viewing_distance_mm ÷ 250 (Calori rule). Overhead signs ≥2.1m clearance. Low-level ≤1.0m. Reassurance signs every 100–200m on straight routes, and at every junction.
Event & Venue
Exit Configuration
External Dispersal
Total Effective Exit Width
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m clear
Combined Flow Rate
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p/min
Calculated Egress Time
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minutes
Min Width Required
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m (per std)
Holding Area per Person
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m²/p
Transport Dispersal Time
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minutes
Egress within target time
Minimum exit width compliance
Holding area density
Accessible egress provision
Egress Scenarios
ScenarioFlow (p/min)Egress Time (min)Status
UK Green Guide: target 8-min evacuation. Flow: 82 p/min/m (normal), 55 p/min/m (partial obstruction). NFPA 101: 0.76 m/min/mm door width or 60 occ/m. BS 9999: 60 p/min/m. Refuge area: 1.4×0.9m per wheelchair user per floor level.

CalcType: Professional Circulation & Capacity Design Solutions — This comprehensive circulation and capacity calculator suite is engineered to support evidence-based pedestrian flow assessment, space planning, cycling infrastructure design, crossing safety, and accessibility compliance for landscape architects, urban designers, transport planners, and public realm specialists. The Path Capacity & Level of Service module applies the Highway Capacity Manual 7th Edition (HCM 7, TRB 2022) pedestrian flow methodology, including Unit Width Flow (UWF), pedestrian space per person, and Level of Service (LOS A–F) classification for footways, shared paths, promenades, and emergency egress routes. The Plaza & Gathering Space module applies Fruin (1987) crowd density standards and the UK Green Guide 5th Edition (SGSA) occupancy thresholds for standing events, outdoor markets, and memorial spaces, including egress time assessment per crowd management principles. The Cycle Route module evaluates infrastructure width, capacity, and comfort grade against LTN 1/20 (UK Active Travel Infrastructure), CROW Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic (Netherlands), and AASHTO Guide for Development of Bicycle Facilities. The Crossings & Junctions module assesses crossing capacity, signal timing, pedestrian exposure, and accessibility against DfT LTN 1/95, CROW crossing design guidance, and BS 8300:2018. The Accessibility & DDA module evaluates nine accessibility criteria against BS 8300:2018 (UK), ADA Standards 2010 (USA), EN 17210:2021 (Europe), and AS 1428 (Australia). The Space Programming module applies Fields in Trust benchmark guidance and CABE public space audit standards. Technical Disclaimer: All flow calculations, LOS assessments, capacity figures, and compliance checks provided by this calculator are intended for preliminary design and feasibility assessment only. They do not constitute a formal Transport Assessment (TA), Pedestrian Environment Review System (PERS) audit, or Equality Impact Assessment (EIA) for planning or regulatory purposes. Final assessments must be verified by a qualified transport engineer (CEng / PE), accessibility consultant, or crowd safety specialist. CalcType assumes no liability for circulation failures, crowd safety incidents, or regulatory non-compliance arising from the use of these tools.